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Dutton & Co., 1974), pl. 76.\n\nWilliam Fagg and John Pemberton, Yoruba Sculpture of West Africa (Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), p. 160 (in-situ).\n\nJ.C. Moughtin, ed., The Work of Z.R. Dmochowski: Nigerian Traditional Architecture, exh. cat. (Ethnographica, 1988), p. 37 (in-situ).\n\nJohn Pemberton III, \"Art and Rituals for Yoruba Sacred Kings,\" Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 15, 2 (1989), pp. 96\u2013111 (ill.).\n\nZ.R. Dmochowski, An Introduction to Nigerian Traditional Architecture, vol. 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Lobmeyr"],"category_ids":["PC-9"],"category_titles":["Applied Arts of Europe"],"term_titles":["drinking vessel","glass","glass","european decorative arts"],"style_id":null,"style_title":null,"alt_style_ids":[],"style_ids":[],"style_titles":[],"classification_id":"TM-11734","classification_title":"drinking vessel","alt_classification_ids":["TM-85","TM-1394"],"classification_ids":["TM-11734","TM-85","TM-1394"],"classification_titles":["drinking vessel","glass","european decorative arts"],"subject_id":null,"alt_subject_ids":[],"subject_ids":[],"subject_titles":[],"material_id":"TM-2453","alt_material_ids":[],"material_ids":["TM-2453"],"material_titles":["glass"],"technique_id":null,"alt_technique_ids":[],"technique_ids":[],"technique_titles":[],"theme_titles":[],"image_id":"f9694e5b-d915-be0f-d73c-7a90fe0a2ed5","alt_image_ids":[],"document_ids":[],"sound_ids":[],"video_ids":[],"text_ids":[],"section_ids":[],"section_titles":[],"site_ids":[],"suggest_autocomplete_all":[{"input":["1955.1242"],"contexts":{"groupings":["accession"]}},{"input":["Champagne Flute"],"weight":1,"contexts":{"groupings":["title"]}}],"source_updated_at":"2026-10-28T16:01:17-05:00","updated_at":"2026-10-28T19:05:52-05:00","timestamp":"2026-10-29T02:21:23-05:00"},{"id":81548,"api_model":"artworks","api_link":"https:\/\/api.artic.edu\/api\/v1\/artworks\/81548","is_boosted":false,"title":"Young Peasant Having Her Coffee","alt_titles":[],"thumbnail":{"lqip":"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBAAFAPQAAE5YZGhmZ2Rpbnt8dX9+d2t5h2x7iX+Cg36Bhn2FjoKBg4eHhIOFioqJiZyUj4GKlI+RkpiXlpOYlZKbmQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAEAAUAAAURoIQAxsQExZM4h6A0AxQtRAgAOw==","width":1860,"height":2250,"alt_text":"A work made of oil on canvas."},"main_reference_number":"1922.433","has_not_been_viewed_much":false,"boost_rank":null,"date_start":1881,"date_end":1881,"date_display":"1881","date_qualifier_title":null,"date_qualifier_id":null,"artist_display":"Camille Pissarro (French, 1830\u20131903)","place_of_origin":"France","description":"
In the 1880s, at a time when many of the original Impressionist painters had begun to pursue independent styles, Camille Pissarro actively worked to keep the group together. He persuaded Gustave Caillebotte<\/a> and Claude Monet<\/a> to take part in the seventh Impressionist exhibition, in 1882, and also displayed a number of his own paintings of peasant girls. Here the small brushstrokes, applied one next to the other and sometimes overlaid with dabs of thicker paint, result in an irregularly built-up surface, serving to integrate figure and setting and evoke the textures of the young woman\u2019s wool clothing.<\/p>\n","short_description":null,"dimensions":"65.3 \u00d7 54.8 cm (25 11\/16 \u00d7 21 9\/16 in.); Framed: 87.4 \u00d7 77.5 \u00d7 7.4 cm (34 3\/8 \u00d7 30 1\/2 \u00d7 2 7\/8 in.)","dimensions_detail":[{"depth":null,"width":54,"height":65,"diameter":null,"clarification":null},{"depth":7,"width":77,"height":87,"diameter":null,"clarification":"Framed"}],"medium_display":"Oil on canvas","inscriptions":"Inscribed upper right: C. Pissarro \/ 1881","credit_line":"Potter Palmer Collection","catalogue_display":null,"publication_history":"Catalogue de la 7me exposition des artistes ind\u00e9pendants, exh. cat. (Morris P\u00e9re et Fils, 1882), cat. 111. \n\nArthur Hustin, \u201cL\u2019exposition des peintres ind\u00e9pendants,\u201d L\u2019estafette, Mar. 3, 1882, p. 3. \n\nArmand Sallanches, \u201cL\u2019exposition des artistes ind\u00e9pendants,\u201d Le journal des arts, Mar. 3, 1882, p. 1. \n\nDraner [Jules Renard], \u201cUne visite aux impressionnistes,\u201d Le charivari, Mar. 9, 1882, p. 3. \n\nArthur Hustin, \u201cL\u2019exposition des impressionnistes,\u201d Moniteur des arts, Mar. 10, 1882, p. 1. \n\n\u00c9mile Hennequin, \u201cBeaux-Arts: Les expositions des arts lib\u00e9raux et des artistes ind\u00e9pendants,\u201d La revue litt\u00e9raire et artistique, Mar. 11, 1882, p. 155. \n\nArmand Silvestre, \u201cLe monde des arts: Expositions particuli\u00e8res: Septi\u00e8me exposition des artistes ind\u00e9pendants,\u201d La vie moderne, Mar. 11, 1882, p. 151. \n\nPaul de Charry, \u201cBeaux-Arts,\u201d Le pays, Mar. 14, 1882, p. 3. \n\n\u201cNouvelles parisiennes,\u201d L\u2019art moderne, Mar. 19, 1882, p. 93. \n\nDowdeswell and Dowdeswell\/Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Impressionnistes, Catalogue of Paintings, Drawings, and Pastels by Members of \u201cLa soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des impressionnistes,\u201d exh. cat. (Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell, 1883), p. 7, cat. 5.\n\nPossibly J.\u2013K. Huysmans, \u201cAppendice,\u201d in L\u2019art moderne (G. Charpentier, 1883), pp. 261\u201377.\n\nGaleries Durand-Ruel, Exposition Camille Pissarro, exh. cat. (E. M\u00e9nard et Cie, 1892), p. 23, cat 16.\n\nAnonymous untitled article in L\u2019art francais, Mar. 5, 1892, (ill.). \n\nCharles Saunier, \u201cL\u2019art nouveau, Camille Pissarro, les ind\u00e9pendants\u201d Le revue ind\u00e9pendante 23, 66 (Apr. 1892), p. 35.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, \u201cAccessions and Loans,\u201d Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago 16, 3 (May 1922), p. 47.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Handbook of Sculpture, Architecture, and Paintings, pt. 2, Paintings (Art Institute of Chicago, 1922), p. 68, cat. 837. \n\nArt Institute of Chicago, A Guide to the Paintings in the Permanent Collection (Art Institute of Chicago, 1925), p. 148, cat. 837. \n\nL\u00e9o Koenig [Leib Yaffee], Camille Pissarro (Le Triangle, 1927), pl. 9.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Catalogue of \u201cA Century of Progress\u201d: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture; Lent from American Collections, ed. Daniel Catton Rich, 3rd ed., exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1933), p. 44, cat. 301.\n\nDaniel Catton Rich, \u201cFranz\u00f6sische Impressionisten im Art Institute zu Chicago,\u201d Pantheon: Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Freunde und Sammler der Kunst 11, 3 (Mar. 1933), p. 78. Translated by C. C. H. Drechsel as \u201cFrench Impressionists in the Art Institute of Chicago,\u201d Pantheon\/Cicerone (Mar. 1933), p. 18.\n\nClarence Joseph Bulliet, Art Masterpieces in a Century of Progress Fine Arts Exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago, vol. 2 (Chicago Daily News\/North-Mariano, 1933), no. 98 (ill.).\n\n\u201cComplete List of the Paintings and Sculptures in World\u2019s Fair Show,\u201d in \u201cCentury of Progress,\u201d special issue, Art Digest 8, 16 (May 15, 1933), p. 33.\n\nGeorge Slocombe, \u201cPapa Pissarro,\u201d Coronet 4, 1 (May 1, 1938), p. 25 (ill.).\n\nLionello Venturi, \u201cL\u2019art de Camille Pissarro (\u00e9tude critique),\u201d in Ludovic Rodo Pissarro and Lionello Venturi, Camille Pissarro: Son art\u2014son oeuvre, vol. 1, Texte (P. Rosenberg, 1939), p. 54.\n\nLudovic Rodo Pissarro and Lionello Venturi, Camille Pissarro: Son art\u2014son oeuvre, vol. 1, Texte (P. Rosenberg, 1939), pp. 158, cat. 549; 336.\n\nLudovic Rodo Pissarro and Lionello Venturi, Camille Pissarro: Son art\u2014son oeuvre, vol. 2, Planche (P. Rosenberg, 1939), pl. 114, cat. 549 (ill.).\n\nJohn Rewald, Pissarro (Braun & Cie, [1940]), no. 42 (ill.).\nLos Angeles Museum, The Development of Impressionism, exh. cat. (Los Angeles Museum, 1940), cat. 56 (ill.).\n\n\u201cSix Art Works Shown at Gallery,\u201d San Diego Union, Mar. 12, 1940, p. 8-A.\n\n\u201cBooks and Art,\u201d San Diego Union, Mar. 24, 1940, p. 7-C (ill.).\n\nJohn Rewald, edited with the assistance of Lucien Pissarro, Camille Pissarro: Letters to His Son Lucien, trans. Lionel Abel (Pantheon, 1943), p. 46.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, An Illustrated Guide to the Collections of the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago, 1945), p. 37. \n\nJohn Rewald, The History of Impressionism (Museum of Modern Art, New York\/Simon & Schuster, 1946), p. 379 (ill.).\n\nGotthard Jedlicka, Pissarro, Scherz Kunstb\u00fccher (Alfred Scherz, 1950), p. 30, pl. 21.\n\nThad\u00e9e Natanson, Pissarro, Artistes de jadis et d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui\u2019 (Jean Marguerat, 1950), pp. 30; 72\u201373, pl. 21.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Masterpieces in the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago, 1952), n.p. (ill.).\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Paintings in the Art Institute of Chicago: A Catalogue of the Picture Collection (Art Institute of Chicago, 1961), p. 358. \n\nMilton S. Fox, Camille Pissarro (Abrams, 1966) front cover (ill.); p. 5 (ill.).\n\nFrancesco Abbate, L\u2019ottocento in Europa, Simbolismo e Impressionismo (Fabbri, 1966), pp. 80; 88, pl. 46.\n\nVelia Huda, Pissarro, The Masters 72 (Knowledge Publications, 1967), p. 8 (ill.), pl. 12.\n\nJoslyn Art Museum, Mary Cassatt among the Impressionists, exh. cat. (Klopp Print. Co., 1969), pp. 41, cat. 39 (ill.); 73, cat. 39.\n\nMobile Art Gallery, The Impressionists: Painting in France in the Late Nineteenth Century, exh. cat (Mobile Art Gallery, 1969), pp. 1 (ill.), 5.\n\nMikhail Guerman, Camille Pissarro, Masters of World Painting (Aurora Art Publishers, 1973), p. 10.\n\nPalazzo Reale, Boccioni e il suo tempo, exh. cat. (Arti Grafiche Fiorin, 1973), p. 6, cat. 1 (ill.).\n\nCharles Kunstler, Camille Pissarro (Fabbri, 1972), pp. 44, fig. 2; 45. \n\nChristopher Lloyd, Pissarro (Phaidon, 1979), pp. 8; 15, pl. 26. \n\nJanine Bailly-Herzberg, ed., Correspondance de Camille Pissarro, vol. 1, 1865\u20131885 (Presses Universitaires de France, 1980), pp. 243 (letter 183), 252 (letter 190).\n\nJoel Isaacson, The Crisis of Impressionism, 1878\u20131882, exh. cat. (University of Michigan Museum of Art, 1980), pp. 158\u201359, cat 41 (ill.).\n\nRalph E. Shikes and Paula Harper, Pissarro: His Life and Work (Horizon, 1980), p. 177 (ill.).\n\nChristopher Lloyd, Camille Pissarro (Skira\/Rizzoli, 1981), p. 92 (ill.).\n\nKate Flint, ed., Impressionists in England: The Critical Reception (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), p. 361.\n\nJoel Isaacson, \u201cThe Painters Called Impressionists,\u201d in The New Painting: Impressionism, 1874\u20131886, ed. Charles S. Moffett, with the assistance of Ruth Berson, Barbara Lee Williams, and Fronia E. Wissman, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1986), pp. 388; 394; 395; 409, cat. 127 (ill.).\n\nPaul Smith, \u201cPaul Adam, Soi et les \u2018Peintres impressionnistes\u2019: La gen\u00e8se d\u2019un discours moderniste,\u201d Revue de l\u2019art 82 (1988), pp. 44; 46, fig. 9.\n\nMinistry of Culture; State Hermitage Museum; Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; and Art Institute of Chicago, Ot Delakrua do Matissa: Shedevry frantsuzskoi zhivopisi XIX\u2013nachala XX veka, iz Muzeia Metropoliten v N\u2019iu-Iorke i Khudozhestvennogo Instituta v Chikago [From Delacroix to Matisse: Masterpieces of French Painting of the Nineteenth to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Art Institute of Chicago], trans. from English by Iu. A. Kleiner and A. A. Zhukov, exh. cat. (Avrora, 1988), cat. 25 (ill.).\n\nBernard Denvir, Impressionism: The Painters and the Paintings (Studio Editions, 1991), pp. 259, pl. 254; 419.\n\nMartha Kapos, ed., The Impressionists: A Retrospective (Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1991), p. 259, pl. 81.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Treasures of 19th- and 20th-Century Painting: The Art Institute of Chicago, with an introduction by James N. Wood (Art Institute of Chicago\/Abbeville, 1993), pp. 10, 86 (ill.).\n\nJoachim Pissarro, Camille Pissarro (Abrams, 1993), pp. 156; 158, fig. 160; 215.\n\nPaul Smith, Impressionism: Beneath the Surface (Abrams, 1995), pp. 124, fig. 81; 125.\n\nRuth Berson, ed., The New Painting: Impressionism, 1874\u20131886, Documentation, vol. 1, Reviews (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco\/University of Washington Press, 1996), pp. 377, 380, 384, 393, 395, 396, 397, 412, 413, 417 (ill.).\n\nRuth Berson, ed., The New Painting: Impressionism, 1874\u20131886, Documentation, vol. 2, Exhibited Works (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco\/University of Washington Press, 1996), pp. 208\u201309, 226 (ill.).\n\nMartha Ward, Pissarro, Neo-Impressionism, and the Spaces of the Avant-Garde (University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 39; 40, fig. 1.5.\n\nPaul Smith, Seurat and the Avant\u2013Garde (Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 93; 94, fig. 114.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the Art Institute of Chicago, selected by James N. Wood (Art Institute of Chicago\/Hudson Hills, 2000), p. 63 (ill.).\n\nMarie\u2013Jos\u00e9 Pell\u00e9, \u201cVert Pissarro . . .\u201d Impressions de Normandie et d\u2019ailleurs (Bertout, 2000), p. 86. \n\nRichard Brettell, From Monet to Van Gogh: A History of Impressionism, pt. 2 (Teaching Company, 2002), pp. 91, 101, 179.\n\nChristie\u2019s, London, Impressionist and Modern Art: Evening Sale, sale cat. (Christie\u2019s, June 21, 2005), p. 42 (ill.).\n\nAlexia de Buff\u00e9vent, \u201cA Painter and His Age: Biography and Critical Reception,\u201d in Joachim Pissarro and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, with the collaboration of Alexia de Buff\u00e9vent and Annie Champi\u00e9, Pissarro: Critical Catalogue of Paintings, vol. 1, trans. Mark Hutchinson and Michael Taylor (Skira\/Wildenstein Institute, 2005), pp. 175, 176.\n\nClaire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, \u201cA Painter and His Dealer: Camille Pissarro (1830\u20131903),\u201d in Joachim Pissarro and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, with the collaboration of Alexia de Buff\u00e9vent and Annie Champi\u00e9,Pissarro: Critical Catalogue of Paintings, vol. 1, trans. Mark Hutchinson and Michael Taylor (Skira\/Wildenstein Institute, 2005), p. 29 (ill.).\n\nJoachim Pissarro and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, with the collaboration of Alexia de Buff\u00e9vent and Annie Champi\u00e9, Pissarro: Critical Catalogue of Paintings, vol. 1, trans. Mark Hutchinson and Michael Taylor (Skira\/Wildenstein Institute, 2005), pp. 362, 363, 378, 383, 399, 401, 405, 409, 411, 417.\n\nJoachim Pissarro and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, with the collaboration of Alexia de Buff\u00e9vent and Annie Champi\u00e9, Pissarro: Catalogue critique des peintures\/Critical Catalogue of Paintings, vol. 2, trans. Mark Hutchinson and Michael Taylor (Skira\/Wildenstein Institute, 2005), p. 442, cat. 662 (ill.).\n\nJean-Jacques L\u00e9v\u00eaque, Camille Pissarro (1830\u20131903), Le bonheur de peindre (ACR, 2006), p. 135 (ill.).\n\nGloria Groom and Douglas Druick, with the assistance of Dorota Chudzicka and Jill Shaw, The Impressionists: Master Paintings from the Art Institute of Chicago, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago\/Kimbell Art Museum, 2008), pp. 100\u201301, cat. 44 (ill.). Simultaneously published as Gloria Groom and Douglas Druick, with the assistance of Dorota Chudzicka and Jill Shaw, The Age of Impressionism at the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago\/Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 100\u201301, cat. 44 (ill.).\n\nRichard Brettell, Pissarro\u2019s People, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco\/Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute\/Prestel, 2011), pp. 188\u201389, fig. 143; 303.\n\nClaire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, Pissarro: Patriarche des Impressionnistes (D\u00e9couvertes Gallimard\/R\u00e9union des Mus\u00e9es Nationaux Arts, 2012), pp. 48 (ill.), 122.\n\nChristie's, New York, Impressionist and Modern Art: Works on Paper and Day Sale, sale cat. (Christie\u2019s, Nov. 6, 2013), p. 60, fig. 1.\n\n\u201cCat. 10: Young Peasant Having Her Coffee, 1881,\u201d in Pissarro Paintings and Works on Paper at the Art Institute of Chicago, eds. Gloria Groom and Genevieve Westerby (Art Institute of Chicago, 2015), https:\/\/publications.artic.edu\/pissarro\/reader\/paintingsandpaper\/section\/8<\/a>.","exhibition_history":"Paris, 251, rue Saint-Honor\u00e9, Salons du Panorama de Reischoffen, 7me exposition des artistes ind\u00e9pendants [Seventh impressionist exhibition], Mar. 1\u201331, 1882, cat. 111, as Jeune paysanne prenant son caf\u00e9.\n\nLondon, Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell, Paintings, Drawings and Pastels by Members of \u201cLa Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des impressionnistes,\u201d Apr. 20\u2013July 1883, cat. 5, as Paysanne prenant son Caf\u00e9.\n\nParis, Galeries Durand-Ruel, Camille Pissarro, Jan. 23\u2013Feb. 20, 1892, cat 16, as La Caf\u00e9 au lait. \n\nArt Institute of Chicago, \u201cA Century of Progress\u201d: Loan Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, May 23\u2013Nov. 1, 1933, cat. 301.\n\nLos Angeles Museum, The Development of Impressionism, Jan. 12\u2013Feb. 28, 1940, cat. 56 (ill.).\n\nFine Arts Gallery of San Diego, Mar. 1940, no cat. \n\nOmaha, Nebr., Joslyn Art Museum, Mary Cassatt among the Impressionists, Apr. 10\u2013June 1, 1969, cat. 39 (ill.).\n\nMobile (Ala.) Art Gallery, The Impressionists: Painting in France in the Late Nineteenth Century, Nov. 5\u201330, 1969, no cat. no. (ill.). \n\nMilan, Palazzo Reale, Boccioni e il suo tempo, Dec. 10, 1973\u00ac\u2013Feb. 24, 1974, cat. 1 (ill.). \n\nAnn Arbor, University of Michigan Museum of Art, The Crisis of Impressionism, 1878\u20131882, Nov. 2, 1979\u2013Jan. 6, 1980, cat. 41 (ill.).\n\nWashington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, The New Painting: Impressionism, 1874\u20131886, Jan. 17\u2013Apr. 6, 1986, cat. 127 (ill.); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, Apr. 19\u2013July 6, 1986.\n\nLeningrad [St. Petersburg], Hermitage Museum, Ot Delakrua do Matissa: shedevry frantsuzsko\u012d zhivopici XIX-nachala XX veka, iz Muieia Metropoliten v Niu-\u012corke i Khudozhestvennogo Instituta v Chikago [From Delacroix to Matisse: Great Paintings From the XIX century to the Beginning of the XXth century From Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Art Institute of Chicago], March 15-May 19, 1988, cat. 25; Moscow, Pushkin Museum, June 10-July 30, 1988.\n\nArt Institute of Chicago, Chicago\u2019s Dream, a World\u2019s Treasure: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1893\u20131993, Nov. 1, 1993\u2013Jan. 9, 1994, not in cat. \n\nFort Worth, Tex., Kimbell Art Museum, The Impressionists: Master Paintings from the Art Institute of Chicago, June 29\u2013Nov. 2, 2008, cat. 44 (ill.).\n\nWilliamstown, Mass., Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Pissarro\u2019s People, June 12\u2013Oct. 2, 2011, no cat. no. (ill.); San Francisco, Legion of Honor, Oct. 22, 2011\u2013Jan. 22, 2012.","provenance_text":"The artist (d. 1903); sold to Durand-Ruel, Paris, December 19, 1881 [this and the two following per Pissarro and Snollaerts 2005]; sold to Georges Petit, Paris, August 9, 1883; sold back to Durand-Ruel, Paris, April 17, 1891, for 1,000 francs; sold to Potter Palmer (d. 1902), Chicago, April 29, 1892, for 3,000 francs [per Durand-Ruel Archives, Paris stock no. 912, as Le Caf\u00e9 au lait, as confirmed by Caroline Durand-Ruel Godfroy, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Dec. 13, 1994, curatorial object file]; by descent to the Palmer family; given to the Art Institute of Chicago, 1922.","edition":null,"publishing_verification_level":"Web Cataloged","internal_department_id":14,"fiscal_year":1922,"fiscal_year_deaccession":null,"is_public_domain":true,"is_zoomable":true,"max_zoom_window_size":-1,"copyright_notice":null,"has_multimedia_resources":true,"has_educational_resources":false,"has_advanced_imaging":false,"colorfulness":16.8796,"color":{"h":210,"l":42,"s":7,"percentage":0.29516432907682644,"population":2538},"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"latlon":null,"is_on_view":false,"on_loan_display":null,"gallery_title":null,"gallery_id":null,"nomisma_id":null,"artwork_type_title":"Painting","artwork_type_id":1,"department_title":"Painting and Sculpture of Europe","department_id":"PC-10","artist_id":36211,"artist_title":"Camille Pissarro","alt_artist_ids":[],"artist_ids":[36211],"artist_titles":["Camille Pissarro"],"category_ids":["PC-10"],"category_titles":["Painting and Sculpture of Europe"],"term_titles":["painting","oil painting","Post-Impressionism","women","oil paint (paint)","nineteenth century","19th 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(Singiti)","alt_titles":[],"thumbnail":{"lqip":"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBAAFAPQAAFxYVWVeWmZiX2hhXGZjYWdlY2lkYXBrZ3dxa3hzb3h5eXl6eoSFhISFhZCSkpKTkpiZmJ6fn6ChoKWmpQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAEAAUAAAURoCIUSwMQjBMYTzQc0IQkUggAOw==","width":7510,"height":10515,"alt_text":"A work made of wood and pigment."},"main_reference_number":"1972.453","has_not_been_viewed_much":false,"boost_rank":null,"date_start":1850,"date_end":1925,"date_display":"Mid 19th-early 20th century","date_qualifier_title":null,"date_qualifier_id":null,"artist_display":"Hemba\nKongolo region, Democratic Republic of the Congo\nCentral Africa","place_of_origin":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","description":"
This idealized portrait commemorated and honored the lifetime accomplishments of a deceased male ancestor. With its serene expression, fine beard, high forehead, and elaborate cross-shaped hairstyle, the figure embodies the composure, status, and wisdom of a respected elder. As a spiritual mediator between the living and the dead, it was preserved with other such objects in a shrine where it linked the present ruler with his predecessor and underscored the legitimacy of his authority.<\/p>\n","short_description":null,"dimensions":"79.4 \u00d7 22.9 \u00d7 17.8 cm (31 1\/4 \u00d7 9 \u00d7 7 in.)","dimensions_detail":[{"depth":17,"width":22,"height":79,"diameter":null,"clarification":null}],"medium_display":"Wood and pigment","inscriptions":null,"credit_line":"Ada Turnbull Hertle Fund","catalogue_display":null,"publication_history":"Allen Wardwell, Two Luba Figures in Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago, vol. 67, no. 3, (May-June, 1973), pp. 14-17 (Ill.).\n\nRecent Acquisitions, African Arts, vol. VI. no. 3 (Spring 1973), pg. 71.\n\nFran\u00e7ois Neyt. 1977. La Grand Statuaire Hemba du Zaire, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp. 200-201.\n\nConstantine Petridis et al., Speaking of Objects: African Art at the Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 2020), cat. no. 64, pp. 156-157 (ill.).","exhibition_history":"Chicago, Ill., Columbia College Art Gallery, \u201cSpirits and Spouses, Gender Roles in African Art,\u201d Feb. 12\u2013Apr. 5, 1996, no cat.","provenance_text":"Pierre Dartevelle, Brussels, Belgium, purchased the work in Befeka, Democratic Republic of the Congo, from 1969\/1970 [personal communication with P. Dartevelle, 2001, documented in curatorial file]; sold to Pierre Langlois, Paris, by 1972 [as above]. John J. Klejman (died 1995), Klejman Gallery, New York, N.Y., by 1972 [acquisition documentation in curatorial file]; sold to the Art Institute, 1972.","edition":null,"publishing_verification_level":"Web Cataloged","internal_department_id":43,"fiscal_year":null,"fiscal_year_deaccession":null,"is_public_domain":false,"is_zoomable":false,"max_zoom_window_size":843,"copyright_notice":null,"has_multimedia_resources":false,"has_educational_resources":false,"has_advanced_imaging":false,"colorfulness":0,"color":{"h":62,"l":49,"s":0,"percentage":0.004278967399941621,"population":3379},"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"latlon":null,"is_on_view":false,"on_loan_display":null,"gallery_title":null,"gallery_id":null,"nomisma_id":null,"artwork_type_title":"Sculpture","artwork_type_id":3,"department_title":"Arts of Africa","department_id":"PC-1","artist_id":30106,"artist_title":"Hemba","alt_artist_ids":[],"artist_ids":[30106],"artist_titles":["Hemba"],"category_ids":["PC-1"],"category_titles":["Arts of Africa"],"term_titles":["wood (plant material)","hemba","sculpture","ancestors","carving","wood","arts of Africa","Arts of Africa","african Art","Male","african art","Central Africa","ideal","authority","shrines"],"style_id":"TM-8170","style_title":"hemba","alt_style_ids":["TM-14183","TM-13489","TM-13564"],"style_ids":["TM-8170","TM-14183","TM-13489","TM-13564"],"style_titles":["hemba","Arts of Africa","african Art","Central Africa"],"classification_id":"TM-13","classification_title":"sculpture","alt_classification_ids":["TM-84","TM-14182","TM-13486"],"classification_ids":["TM-13","TM-84","TM-14182","TM-13486"],"classification_titles":["sculpture","wood","arts of Africa","african art"],"subject_id":"TM-12147","alt_subject_ids":["TM-12945","TM-13620","TM-13639","TM-12808"],"subject_ids":["TM-12147","TM-12945","TM-13620","TM-13639","TM-12808"],"subject_titles":["ancestors","Male","ideal","authority","shrines"],"material_id":"TM-2431","alt_material_ids":[],"material_ids":["TM-2431"],"material_titles":["wood (plant material)"],"technique_id":"TM-3863","alt_technique_ids":[],"technique_ids":["TM-3863"],"technique_titles":["carving"],"theme_titles":[],"image_id":"4b0f436a-09d3-9e07-abc4-0d2c01893ab0","alt_image_ids":[],"document_ids":[],"sound_ids":[],"video_ids":[],"text_ids":[],"section_ids":[],"section_titles":[],"site_ids":[],"suggest_autocomplete_all":[{"input":["1972.453"],"contexts":{"groupings":["accession"]}},{"input":["Male Figure (Singiti)"],"weight":1131,"contexts":{"groupings":["title"]}}],"source_updated_at":"2026-10-28T15:52:15-05:00","updated_at":"2026-10-28T18:56:06-05:00","timestamp":"2026-10-29T02:21:23-05:00"},{"id":198708,"api_model":"artworks","api_link":"https:\/\/api.artic.edu\/api\/v1\/artworks\/198708","is_boosted":false,"title":"Storage-Rack Panel","alt_titles":[],"thumbnail":{"lqip":"data:image\/gif;base64,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","width":3000,"height":856,"alt_text":"A work made of boxwood."},"main_reference_number":"2009.3","has_not_been_viewed_much":false,"boost_rank":null,"date_start":1927,"date_end":1949,"date_display":"Late 1920s\/40s","date_qualifier_title":null,"date_qualifier_id":null,"artist_display":"Zizwezenyanga Qwabe (c. 1900-late 1960s or early 1970s)\nZulu\nKwaZulu-Natal, South Africa\nEastern and Southern Africa","place_of_origin":"South Africa","description":"
Born into a family of carvers, Ntzinyanga Qwabe is well known for sculpting panels for the racks used in a Zulu homestead for storing rolled grass mats or draping blankets. He applied the traditional pokerwork technique (using a heated poker to decorate wood with burn marks) to depict people and scenes of Zulu life on these panels. One presents a cattle kraal (corral) and a seated chief meeting with a group of men.<\/p>\n
Produced in the first half of the 20th century, Qwabe\u2019s work captured the attention of white South Africans at a time when rural life was undergoing significant change. Despite the restrictive format, Qwabe\u2019s compositions suggest depth and movement through figures that overlap as well as vary in their scale and position. Contemporary visual sources such as cigarette cards and photographs may have informed his style.<\/p>\n","short_description":null,"dimensions":"14 \u00d7 67.4 \u00d7 1.6 cm (5 1\/2 \u00d7 26 1\/2 \u00d7 5\/8 in.)","dimensions_detail":[{"depth":1,"width":67,"height":14,"diameter":null,"clarification":null}],"medium_display":"Boxwood","inscriptions":null,"credit_line":"Purchased with funds provided by Cynthia and Terry E. Perucca and Marshall Field","catalogue_display":null,"publication_history":null,"exhibition_history":null,"provenance_text":"Grete Mannheim (died 1986), South Africa and Calif., between 1936 and 1949; by descent to her daughter Hanna Baer (died 2008), Fla., 1986; given to Gary Van Wyk and Lisa Brittan, Axis Gallery, N.J., 2007; sold to the Art Institute, 2009.","edition":null,"publishing_verification_level":"Web Everything","internal_department_id":43,"fiscal_year":2009,"fiscal_year_deaccession":null,"is_public_domain":false,"is_zoomable":false,"max_zoom_window_size":843,"copyright_notice":null,"has_multimedia_resources":false,"has_educational_resources":false,"has_advanced_imaging":false,"colorfulness":65.9042,"color":{"h":40,"l":69,"s":81,"percentage":0.17129103232379914,"population":348},"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"latlon":null,"is_on_view":false,"on_loan_display":null,"gallery_title":null,"gallery_id":null,"nomisma_id":null,"artwork_type_title":"Sculpture","artwork_type_id":3,"department_title":"Arts of Africa","department_id":"PC-1","artist_id":109689,"artist_title":"Zizwezenyanga Qwabe","alt_artist_ids":[30176],"artist_ids":[109689,30176],"artist_titles":["Zizwezenyanga Qwabe","Northern Nguni"],"category_ids":["PC-1"],"category_titles":["Arts of Africa"],"term_titles":["boxwood","animals","zulu","carving","sculpture","decorative arts","wood","wood (plant material)","arts of Africa","Arts of Africa","south african","african art","african Art","Eastern and Southern Africa","burning","people","village","cattle","communities","household"],"style_id":"TM-6421","style_title":"zulu","alt_style_ids":["TM-14183","TM-11240","TM-13489","TM-13579"],"style_ids":["TM-6421","TM-14183","TM-11240","TM-13489","TM-13579"],"style_titles":["zulu","Arts of Africa","south african","african Art","Eastern and Southern Africa"],"classification_id":"TM-13","classification_title":"sculpture","alt_classification_ids":["TM-1678","TM-84","TM-14182","TM-13486"],"classification_ids":["TM-13","TM-1678","TM-84","TM-14182","TM-13486"],"classification_titles":["sculpture","decorative arts","wood","arts of Africa","african art"],"subject_id":"TM-12218","alt_subject_ids":["TM-8810","TM-12717","TM-14179","TM-12093","TM-14358"],"subject_ids":["TM-12218","TM-8810","TM-12717","TM-14179","TM-12093","TM-14358"],"subject_titles":["animals","people","village","cattle","communities","household"],"material_id":"TM-3554","alt_material_ids":["TM-2431"],"material_ids":["TM-3554","TM-2431"],"material_titles":["boxwood","wood (plant material)"],"technique_id":"TM-3863","alt_technique_ids":["TM-12920"],"technique_ids":["TM-3863","TM-12920"],"technique_titles":["carving","burning"],"theme_titles":[],"image_id":"81203f6e-b923-863b-ba95-0be3796c01be","alt_image_ids":[],"document_ids":[],"sound_ids":[],"video_ids":[],"text_ids":[],"section_ids":[],"section_titles":[],"site_ids":[],"suggest_autocomplete_all":[{"input":["2009.3"],"contexts":{"groupings":["accession"]}},{"input":["Storage-Rack Panel"],"weight":431,"contexts":{"groupings":["title"]}}],"source_updated_at":"2026-10-28T15:52:15-05:00","updated_at":"2026-10-28T18:56:05-05:00","timestamp":"2026-10-29T02:21:23-05:00"}],"info":{"license_text":"The `description` field in this response is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License (CC-By) and the Terms and Conditions of artic.edu. All other data in this response is licensed under a Creative Commons Zero (CC0) 1.0 designation and the Terms and Conditions of artic.edu.","license_links":["https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/","https:\/\/www.artic.edu\/terms"],"version":"1.16"},"config":{"iiif_url":"https:\/\/www.artic.edu\/iiif\/2","website_url":"https:\/\/www.artic.edu"}}